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* 1. Genetically modified crops and livestock offer the possibility of greater yield and food quality, reductions in pesticide use, and higher profits for agricultural businesses. They are viewed by some as a way to help reduce world hunger by increasing food production and reducing losses to pests and varying environmental conditions. Each year, industrial agriculture relies more heavily on genetically modified crops. There are some concerns about our increasing use of genetically modified crops and livestock, including their safety for human consumption and their effects on the environment.

Based on the passage above, if genetically modified crops were to be banned, what could be the largest negative impact to humans?

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* 2.
      B     b   
bBbbb
bBbbb


The square above is based on the eye color of two parents. One of the parents has brown eyes and carries the recessive gene for green eyes (a). What is the probability that a biological child of these parents will have brown eyes?

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* 3. x
x      x                                  x
x      x               x                 x
x      x               x                 x       x
x      x               x                 x       x       x 
__________________________________________________
5     10     15     20     25     30     35     40



What is the mode of this data set?

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* 4. As part of a chemistry experiment, 1025 milliliters of water is mixed into a beaker that contains 175 milliliters of motor oil. 

(1 liter = 1000 milliliters) 

After adding the water, how many liters of liquid are in the beaker?

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* 5. Animals that feed exclusively on plants are called: 

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* 6.
                 B         b     
    b  
    b  
Students are researching families with one brown-haired parent and one red-haired parent to understand how recessive hair-color genes interact with dominant genes. They studied the offspring of a heterozygous brown-haired man (Bb) and a homozygous recessive red-haired woman (bb). Of their four children, three have brown hair and one has red hair. The students prepared the Punnett square that is shown above.

If the couple has another child, what is the probability that this child will have brown hair?

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* 7. In the 21st century, worker bees in bee colonies have been abandoning their queens and are deserting their hives in record numbers. Known as Colony Collapse Disorder, honeybees have been mysteriously disappearing across the planet—and one area that has been seriously affected is California’s Napa Valley. This issue became more commonly known when The National Agriculture Statistics Service reported in 2008 that only 2.44 million honey-producing hives were in the United States, down from 4.5 million in 1980. 

There is no consensus among scientists as to what is causing Colony Collapse Disorder, though the USDA has undertaken a plan of action to stem the collapsing colonies involving several steps: survey and data collection; analysis of samples; hypothesis-driven research; mitigation and preventive action. The first findings from the USDA were published in 2009, and suggested factors such as pesticides, parasites, and pathogens may be possible causes, all of which have affected hives in Northern California. 

One researcher has hypothesized that chemical pesticides are solely responsible for colony collapse disorder in Napa Valley. To test her hypothesis she is planning to run an experiment. She has obtained several healthy bee colonies and plans to expose them to pesticides while measuring the health of the colonies.
 
Which additional information would be the most useful in helping her design this experiment?

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* 8. Fahrenheit is a thermodynamic temperature scale, where the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point 212°F (at standard atmospheric pressure). Celsius, also called centigrade temperature scale, is a scale based on 0° for the freezing point of water and 100° for the boiling point of water. In order to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, the following formula can be used:  

C = (F - 32) x 5/9


If the outside temperature is 102.72 fahrenheit, what is in celcius?

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* 9. A laboratory produces and tests a new flu vaccine designed to prevent the influenza virus. The lab tests four dosages of the vaccine on 400 individuals, male and female, between the ages of 18 and 65 over a 3-month trial during flu season. Each group has 100 randomly assigned participants. The table shows the dosages of the flu vaccine given to each individual in the group, as well as the number of individuals that reported having influenza during the 3-month trial. 

GROUP        DOSE      NUMBER OF FLU CASES
1 25 mg/per day22
2 50 mg/per day19
3 75 mg/per day7
4 100 mg/per day4


 
The laboratory has published findings in which they claim that the new flu vaccine can prevent the influenza virus. However, a competing lab has criticized the findings, claiming that there is an error in the way the groups were setup. What changes to the test setup would eliminate the source of the error?

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* 10. Many individuals concerned with their carbon footprint are excited about the availability of hybrid electric vehicles. These cars are much more efficient in their use of fossil fuels than similarly sized internal combustion automobiles. However, hybrid electric vehicles do come with an environmental price tag. Their construction uses scarce metals, such as neodymium, lithium and lanthanum. Additionally, mining these elements involves pumping acids into deep boreholes to dissolve the surrounding rock and then removing the acid and mineral slurry. Such extraction processes are a type of surface mining, which have severe environmental impacts such as erosion, acid mine drainage, water pollution, and disruption of habitat.

Based on the passage above, what are the environmental trade-offs of hybrid electric vehicles?

T