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* 1. Your name:

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* 2. Choose the course you're taking with Dr. Hansen. If you're in more than one course at once, just select one of them. Your grade for the worksheet will be added to both courses.

Quotation And Paraphrasing: Citing Sources Inside Your Writing

Whenever you quote a source directly, you should put that quote in quotation marks--not just copy and paste it! BUT you're not done! The next step is to cite the source of that quotation. It's required! There are two acceptable ways to do this. By far the most common is to use a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence, that tells the reader to check the "Works Cited" page at the end of the paper to find out for sure what that full source is.
  • That citation is usually the author's name (Holmes).
  • If there's no author, you can use part or all of the title of the source (“Analyzing Operas”). 
  • If it's a print book, the citation will also include a page number where this exact information can be found (Holmes 53). There, that was an example of a citation.
Another method, called Chicago/Turabian Style, uses footnotes. If you're interested in that style of citation, see Dr. Hansen's video for more details. Here's an example of citation of a direct quotation in a pretend essay.


This opera is filled with clear indications of when and where it was composed. "This opera is written in the trecento style of Italian recitativo, and includes many programmatic references such as the extended chromaticism in the melody" (Holmes 53). I will write in more detail about the programmatic aspects of the first aria. [Quotation is in color for emphasis here, not something you would do in real life!]


Let's say you don't quote directly. You re-word something, but it's information or ideas that you got from your source. (This is also called paraphrasing). This is often actually better, because it means you're re-stating something in your own language and it also shows you understand the ideas. Better to do that than use terms you're not quite sure of, just to try to impress the prof. It won't work! So let's say instead of quoting my source directly, I re-write what they said. So instead of "This opera is written in the trecento style of Italian recitativo, and includes many programmatic references such as the extended chromaticism in the melody" (Holmes 53). I might want to rephrase it to suit my paper better, as in the next sentence below the bullet points, just as I'm typing, using no quotation marks. 

When do you cite? Good question! You cite…

When you quote directly--this means you also use quotation marks.
When you re-word someone else’s ideas or information
When you’ve had to list something that is not common knowledge. For example, I don’t need to give a source if I write: July 4 in the United States is called Independence Day. This is a widely known thing. But if I say something that not everyone might know, then I should give a citation. So if I had to look up a definition of something in a dictionary, I’d cite that dictionary as a source. Better to cite more, and be safe! Here's an example:

July 4 in the United States is called Independence Day. The second Monday in February is called Apostrophe Monday (Truss 56).

The opera I'm writing about uses old techniques of composition, so that it sounds ancient, and one way it does that is by making the melody more complicated than we might expect (Holmes 53). 

In this case, there are no quotation marks because what I wrote was reworded.

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Four Sources: Each one is used ONCE in the fake essay following.

Four Sources: Each one is used ONCE in the fake essay following.

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* 3. Read this fake essay. Deduce where the four sources shown above have been used. Copy and paste the essay into the answer box, and then add your own parenthetical citations where you think they belong.

The Hero Quest of Rossini’s Opera Cats and Monsters

The Italian composer Rossini composed the operetta Cats and Monsters as a staged duet for soprano and alto, accompanied by a chamber orchestra. The text of this operetta discusses the perspective of both a cat and a monster, who each express their distinctive character traits in the music.

In the first aria titled “Non piu meow,” the cat’s character is portrayed by a pulsing rhythm and a winding melody. The cat aria, however, doesn’t seem to help show the progress of the opera’s plot, just as George Orwell remarks in a photographic journal. “It was soon noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found”. 

While the cat arias in this operetta show unchanging musical ideas and very little of the hero quest narrative, the music for the monster uses a more active approach. In Scene Two, the principal monster character, Grover, declaims his intentions to prevent any forward progress by singing in the style of recitative. The next aria shows his attempts to construct barriers for the audience and his reactions to their destruction. These barriers are of increasing significance in the original text from The Monster at the End of This Book, and in fact the musical frustration of the monster singer is an exact reflection of Grover’s over-emphasized yells on page eleven. 

By contrast, the closing cat aria titled “Tre gatti facendo male” seems to disclose a more complex character. In fact, there is more than one character in the movement, sung by one soprano in different vocal ranges. Different melodies clearly portray three different cats, Rhubarb, Fungus and Magic, of Canterbury Cathedral. These cats have been described as a “cacophony of cats...choir cats, church cats, canonical cats and visiting cats”.  The first part of this song seems to show nice, simple cats, but the final section changes all the cat themes so much that the friendly cats seem to have become kneazles. A kneazle, native to the United Kingdom, is a fantastical creature that is as intelligent and active as a cat, but traditionally is regarded as aggressive. Rossini’s melodic transformation seems unusually rapid and aggressive, just as the cats seem to have turned into kneazles. It turns out that the hero-cat has turned into another hero-monster.

Works Cited Page:

Now we’ll turn to the other half of citations: the Works Cited page. It’s not enough to list the works you quote and paraphrase inside your essay. You also must show your sources in an organized list (sometimes called a bibliography) at the end of your essay. While there are some differences in how different style manuals like APA and MLA show the sources in such a list, I’ll give you a quick rundown of a basic, acceptable style. 

Here are the important points about a works cited list:

  • Each source is listed alphabetically, not in the order you used the sources.
  • Each source starts with the author name, with the last name comma first.
  • If there’s no author, start with the title of the source.
  • Articles from encyclopedias and things like Wikipedia (be careful!) start with the subject you looked up, as the title, like “Cats” or “Disco” and you put that title in quotation marks.
  • Print sources like books include the publishing information (also called the imprint), which is...Place published: Company, year. So for example… Oxford: Obscurus Books, 2019.
  • Print sources don’t include page numbers in this list, except if it’s a journal article. For that kind of detail, you can ask Dr. Hansen or you can visit the OWL Purdue website and find their really great examples of citations. 
  • Web sources should include the URL and the date you accessed the site. 

  • It can be hard to find an author of a web source, but the source is considered more reliable if you can find an author. DO NOT just list the URL and nothing else! List the title of the web source at least! You’ll see an example below in my Sample Citations.
  • It seems picky, but generally you single space within an entry and double space between entries. You should also notice the way I indent each entry, with what’s called a “hanging indent” where the second line is indented.
  • Book titles are written in italics. Web and article titles are generally in quotations. Nothing is underlined!
  • You do NOT number or bullet point the entries.
  • The entries go in alphabetical order, not the order you used them in during your essay.
  • The Works Cited page is the last page in your essay or paper.

Copying and pasting in citations from auto-cite engines is tricky. Usually there are formatting issues that have to be corrected, like the wrong font or type size. For my money, it’s easier to get that information myself, or okay, let the computer show you the information, but then I’d type it myself into my Works Cited List.

And look, none of my entries start with the words “Find Citation” or something like that, as if you copied it right out of an auto-cite engine. 

While all of this may seem tedious, it’s not actually that hard. It helps you keep track of your sources; it helps show your scholarly progress in your writing; it helps others make use of sources you found helpful. And it’s required.
Okay, here is a sample Works Cited list. Study it carefully. Your job will be to imitate it for the final part of this assignment.
The way to learn how to do citations is to first look at examples carefully and notice what's in them, then you'll eventually try it yourself and get corrections from Dr. Hansen. That really is the way we learn to do them.

Works Cited

Agrell, Jeffery. “How to Teach When Your Studio is Under Water.” The Horn Call Vol. VI 
     No. 3, January 2008: 40-48.

Agrell, Jeffery. Interview with the author. Puerto Rico, October 31, 2021.

Hansen, Kristen. A Plaine and Easie Guide to Music Theory. Columbus: CSU Press, 
     2018.

Hansen, Kristen. “Notes from Far Away.” In Kristen Hansen Creates. 
     www.kristenhansencreates.com. Accessed October 1, 2021. 

“Horn Playing and Music Theory.” In Horn Forum for Professors and Players. 
     www.hornrocks.net. Accessed September 14, 2021.

House, Gregory. “Why You are an Idiot and How to Cure It.” Available from 
     www.Mediapedia.com. Accessed October 10, 2021. 

“Richard Strauss.” In Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Online. 
     www.grovem&m.com. Accessed October 2, 2021.

Strauss, Richard. Don Juan. Vienna: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1956.


Things to notice in the above list:

  • The entries are alphabetical.
  • They use a hanging indent.
  • For the print sources, complete publishing information is given (the imprint).
  • For web/online sources, the URL is given as well as the access date.
  • The web article ABOUT Richard Strauss uses that entry as the “title” because there’s no author given. The source BY Richard Strauss uses his last name as the start of that entry, because he’s the author.

If you’re not sure how to format any of these things, it’s a good reason to attend a Zoom session with Dr. Hansen, or view the video in Cougarview.

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Use the information on these pretend source cards and create a Works Cited List. The pretend student jotted the information from each source down pretty randomly, so you have to choose which information you need in a citation and how best to organize it into a list that looks like a proper Works Cited list.

Use the information on these pretend source cards and create a Works Cited List. The pretend student jotted the information from each source down pretty randomly, so you have to choose which information you need in a citation and how best to organize it into a list that looks like a proper Works Cited list.

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* 4. In the space below, start with your first line and call it Works Cited. Make sure that line is centered (use the text editor, where the three dots show, to choose the "center" function.

Then make sure to start your next line back at the left margin (in the text editor, choose "left margin" from the little icons.

Type the four sources from the image above as correctly formatted citations. In this app, you will find it hard to make "hanging indents" so don't worry about that (you can't use the tab key in the text box). However, all the other requirements of good citations should apply! Make sure that each entry has the correct items in the correct order and make sure that all the entries are in an overall correct order!

Be sure you've completed this worksheet by the due date listed in your Cougarview Organizer with Dr. Hansen!

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