In 2018, the topic of immigration has become a focal point of public attention, and Latinx people feel they’re facing unfair aftershocks in the workplace. Seven in ten Latina women (69%) think that discrimination against immigrants is a major cause of the inequality in pay between themselves and white men. But the population as a whole doesn’t seem to agree: A full 70% of Americans are either unaware of, or underestimate the gap when asked. And what’s worse, some don’t believe it’s a problem.
The average Latina woman makes only 53 cents on the dollar when compared to a white man. In advance of Latina Equal Pay Day, we partnered with Lean In to research whether people recognize this pay gap between white people and Latinas, whether they understand the root causes, and whether they’re motivated to see change.
Our teams surveyed 12,543 people over three six-day periods in June, July, and early September—a time when attitudes about U.S. immigrants, and by association, people of Latinx descent, were especially loaded. In spite of, or possibly because of, the headlines at the time, most people we surveyed didn’t appreciate the extent of the gap between a white man’s salary and a Latina’s for similar work. Thirty percent didn’t believe the gap existed at all.
Many underestimate the inequities between whites and Latinas—or think they don’t exist
It seems that the dramatic difference between white men’s wages and Latina’s is likely a reflection the uneven conditions the two groups face. But not all Americans agree: Four in ten people (39%) don’t believe Latinas face challenges which aren’t faced by white women, yet 51% of Latinas report that they have been personally discriminated against at work because of their race or gender.
According to Pew Research, four in ten Latinx people say they have experienced discrimination in the past year. They defined discrimination with the examples, “being criticized for speaking Spanish or being told to go back to their home country.”
The good news is that once people do understand the problem, they are accurate in their assessment of why it exists. Sixty-eight percent of Americans believe that the current atmosphere of discrimination against immigrants has an effect on the pay gap between white men and Latinas. When asked about the causes of the gap, people cited:
- Racism (40%)
- Sexism (40%)
- Too few Latinas in leadership positions (39%)
- Unconscious bias (39%)
But other responses cast some light on what the non-believers might be thinking:
- 32% say the reason behind the gap is because Latinas choose less lucrative careers than white women
- 21% think it is because Latinas are less educated than white women
Although the pay gap is explained as a difference in compensation for equivalent work, many people still think that Latina’s career paths (and experience) and educational histories are what set them back, rather than workplace discrimination.
This thought process might explain the study’s most alarming statistic: More than a third (36 percent) of the population do not consider the pay gap between white men and Latinas to be unfair.
Regardless of the presumptions about Latinas’ education or career choices, it’s also important to note that the career a person “chooses” could also often be framed as the one they “have access to.” Since Latinas are likely to face obstacles that white men won’t, their career opportunities may be more limited. Which means that even if these respondents were correct to think that Latinas “choose less lucrative careers,” it is no justification for unequal pay.
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Hope for change
All of this said, the landscape is ripe for change. Sixty-six percent of workers do think that either racism or sexism will affect Latinas’ careers, and 66% recognize the pay gap as unfair. Unsurprisingly, Latinas themselves are especially conscious of the impact:
- 67% are aware of the pay gap between themselves and white men
- 69% think that discrimination against immigrants is a major factor in the gap
- 32% think discrimination is actively happening at their current place of work
The past few years has given rise to powerful Latina business women like PG&E CEO Geisha Williams and outspoken celebrity activists like Eva Longoria. Both women have spoken about obstacles that they faced specifically because of their Latina heritage (Williams was once a Cuban refugee), and their success has both illuminated the unequal playing field and paved the way for an evener one. Thirty-eight percent of our respondents said that racial diversity is a high priority at their organization.
At the same time, education rates among people with similar racial identities have been improving. The rate of Hispanic high school graduates going to college grew from 22% to 37% this year, according to the U.S. Department of Education.
What businesses can do
The most obvious step is for businesses to ensure they’re paying their employees equally, but it’s also important to recognize whether there are cultural barriers keeping Latina employees from feeling comfortable at work or being able to succeed.
According to previous SurveyMonkey research, one in every four people doesn’t believe that they belong at their current company. We created an Inclusion and Belonging survey template, in partnership with Paradigm, a firm that specializes in inclusion, to help companies measure their employees’ comfort levels. Our Wage Gap Evaluation survey template can help leaders understand whether employees think they’re being fairly compensated.
Measuring feelings of inclusion helps businesses uncover opportunities to create resource groups for internal communities (like Latinas), address potential cultural challenges, and generally give workers a voice.
The first step toward addressing the pay gap between Latinas and white men is to acknowledge it and address it in our own places of business.
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Methodology: These three SurveyMonkey/Lean In polls were conducted online among a total sample of adults age 18 and over living in the United States. The first poll was conducted from June 29 - July 4 2018 among a total sample of 5,269 adults, the second was conducted from July 13 - 18 2018 among a total sample of 4,223 adults, and the third was conducted from September 21-27 2018 among a total sample of 3,051 adults. The modeled error estimate for all surveys is plus or minus 2 percentage points. Data have been weighted for age, race, sex, education, and geography using the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey to reflect the demographic composition of the United States age 18 and over.
If you earned 20 percent less money than you do today, how would that change your financial situation? Would it be…
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 1,768 817 951 A crisis 32%28%36%A major problem, but not a crisis 43%41%44%A minor problem 16%18%15%Not much of a problem 8%12%5%No answer 1%2%1%Question wording: If you earned 20 percent less money than you do today, how would that change your financial situation? Would it be…Survey dates: –If you earned 40 percent less money than you do today, how would that change your financial situation? Would it be...
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 1,764 780 984 A crisis 49%45%53%A major problem, but not a crisis 36%40%34%A minor problem 7%7%8%Not much of a problem 6%7%4%No answer 1%1%2%Question wording: If you earned 40 percent less money than you do today, how would that change your financial situation? Would it be...Survey dates: –If you earned 50 percent less money than you do today, how would that change your financial situation? Would it be…
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 1,736 791 945 A crisis 52%48%55%A major problem, but not a crisis 34%34%34%A minor problem 8%11%5%Not much of a problem 5%7%4%No answer 1%1%2%Question wording: If you earned 50 percent less money than you do today, how would that change your financial situation? Would it be…Survey dates: –Which statement do you think is true in the U.S.? For doing similar types of work…_2
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 5,268 2,388 2,880 White men make more money than Latina women 65%60%70%Latina women make more money than white men 2%2%2%Both make the same amount 27%33%22%No answer 5%4%6%Question wording: Which statement do you think is true in the U.S.? For doing similar types of work…_2Survey dates: –How much more do you think white men make than Latina women? For every dollar that a white man makes, a Latina woman makes about...
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 3,784 1,629 2,155 60-69 cents 18%20%17%70-79 cents 17%20%15%50-59 cents 16%16%17%90-99 cents 14%12%15%40-49 cents 9%8%10%80-89 cents 8%9%6%30-39 cents 7%6%8%20-29 cents 4%3%5%10-19 cents 3%3%3%No answer 2%2%2%1-9 cents 2%1%2%Question wording: How much more do you think white men make than Latina women? For every dollar that a white man makes, a Latina woman makes about...Survey dates: –Which statement comes closer to your own views — even if neither is exactly right?_2
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 5,268 2,388 2,880 Obstacles that once made it harder for Latina women to get ahead are now largely gone 34%41%27%There are still significant obstacles that make it harder for Latina women to get ahead compared to white men 61%54%67%No answer 6%5%6%Question wording: Which statement comes closer to your own views — even if neither is exactly right?_2Survey dates: –Thinking about where you work now, which statement do you think is true in your company - for doing similar types of work, on average…_2
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 3,569 1,627 1,942 White men make more money than Latina women 35%31%40%Latina women make more money than white men 2%3%2%Both make the same amount 56%62%50%No answer 7%5%9%Question wording: Thinking about where you work now, which statement do you think is true in your company - for doing similar types of work, on average…_2Survey dates: –As you may know, on average Latina women in the U.S. make 54 cents for every dollar white men make for doing similar types of work. In your view, which of the following are major reasons for this gender wage gap? (Select all that apply.)
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 5,268 2,388 2,880 Racism 40%36%44%Sexism 40%35%44%Fewer Latina women are in leadership positions 39%36%42%Unconscious bias 39%37%40%Latina women are generally in careers that don't pay as much 33%36%30%Latina women are less educated than white men 21%23%19%Something else (specify) 11%12%9%Latina women work fewer hours than white men 7%9%5%No answer 6%6%6%Latina women don’t work as hard as white men 3%4%2%Question wording: As you may know, on average Latina women in the U.S. make 54 cents for every dollar white men make for doing similar types of work. In your view, which of the following are major reasons for this gender wage gap? (Select all that apply.)Survey dates: –What do you think of the fact that Latina women are paid less than white men for similar types of work?
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 5,268 2,388 2,880 Very unfair 60%50%69%Somewhat unfair 12%15%10%Neither fair nor unfair 17%23%12%Somewhat fair 2%2%1%Very fair 2%3%1%No answer 7%6%7%Question wording: What do you think of the fact that Latina women are paid less than white men for similar types of work?Survey dates: –
Which statement do you think is true in the U.S.? For doing similar types of work…_2
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 4,223 1,964 2,259 White women make more money than Latina women 52%51%53%Latina women make more money than white women 2%2%2%Both make the same amount 39%40%38%No answer 6%6%7%Question wording: Which statement do you think is true in the U.S.? For doing similar types of work…_2Survey dates: –How much more do you think white women make than Latinas? For every dollar that a white woman makes, a Latina makes about...
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 2,415 1,086 1,329 70-79 cents 23%23%22%60-69 cents 18%19%17%80-89 cents 16%18%14%90-99 cents 13%12%15%50-59 cents 13%12%14%40-49 cents 6%5%6%30-39 cents 5%5%5%20-29 cents 3%3%3%1-9 cents 2%2%2%No answer 2%1%2%Question wording: How much more do you think white women make than Latinas? For every dollar that a white woman makes, a Latina makes about...Survey dates: –Which statement comes closer to your own views — even if neither is exactly right?_2
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 4,223 1,964 2,259 Obstacles that once made it harder for Latina women to get ahead are now largely gone 39%46%33%There are still significant obstacles that make it harder for Latina women to get ahead compared to white women 56%50%62%No answer 5%4%5%Question wording: Which statement comes closer to your own views — even if neither is exactly right?_2Survey dates: –Thinking about where you work now, which statement do you think is true in your company - for doing similar types of work, on average…_2
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 2,893 1,396 1,497 White women make more money than Latina women 19%17%21%Latina women make more money than white women 2%1%2%Both make the same amount 75%78%72%No answer 4%4%5%Question wording: Thinking about where you work now, which statement do you think is true in your company - for doing similar types of work, on average…_2Survey dates: –Thinking about where you work now, do you think racism or sexism is more prevalent at your organization?
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 2,893 1,396 1,497 Racism 7%7%7%Sexism 10%9%12%Both are equally prevalent 16%14%18%Neither is prevalent 64%68%60%No answer 3%2%3%Question wording: Thinking about where you work now, do you think racism or sexism is more prevalent at your organization?Survey dates: –Thinking about where you work now, how much of a priority is racial diversity for your organization?
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 2,893 1,396 1,497 The most important priority 9%8%10%A top priority, but not the most important 29%30%29%Important but lower priority 26%27%26%Not too important 13%12%13%Not important at all 19%20%18%No answer 4%3%5%Question wording: Thinking about where you work now, how much of a priority is racial diversity for your organization?Survey dates: –Thinking about where you work now, how much of a priority is gender diversity for your organization?
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 2,893 1,396 1,497 The most important priority 8%7%9%A top priority, but not the most important 25%27%23%Important but lower priority 26%28%24%Not too important 17%14%20%Not important at all 20%21%20%No answer 3%3%4%Question wording: Thinking about where you work now, how much of a priority is gender diversity for your organization?Survey dates: –As you may know, on average Latina women in the U.S. make 69 cents for every dollar white women make for doing similar types of work. In your view, which of the following are major reasons for this wage gap? (Select all that apply.)
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 4,223 1,964 2,259 Unconscious bias 39%36%41%Fewer Latina women are in leadership positions 35%34%37%Racism 35%30%39%Latina women are generally in careers that don't pay as much 32%34%31%Latina women are less educated than white women 21%22%19%Something else (specify) 11%11%10%No answer 6%6%6%Latina women work fewer hours than white women 4%4%3%Latina women don’t work as hard as white women 2%2%2%Question wording: As you may know, on average Latina women in the U.S. make 69 cents for every dollar white women make for doing similar types of work. In your view, which of the following are major reasons for this wage gap? (Select all that apply.)Survey dates: –What do you think of the fact that Latina women are paid less than white women for similar types of work?
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 4,223 1,964 2,259 Very unfair 49%42%57%Somewhat unfair 9%11%7%Neither fair nor unfair 18%23%13%Somewhat fair 4%5%4%Very fair 13%12%15%No answer 6%7%5%Question wording: What do you think of the fact that Latina women are paid less than white women for similar types of work?Survey dates: –Which of the following factors do you think Latina women’s careers are most negatively impacted by?
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 4,223 1,964 2,259 Racism 19%16%21%Sexism 5%6%5%Both racism and sexism equally 42%37%48%Neither racism nor sexism 28%35%20%No answer 6%6%6%Question wording: Which of the following factors do you think Latina women’s careers are most negatively impacted by?Survey dates: –Have you ever, personally, experienced discrimination in the workplace or while trying to get a job?
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 4,223 1,964 2,259 Yes 41%38%44%No 56%60%53%No answer 3%3%3%Question wording: Have you ever, personally, experienced discrimination in the workplace or while trying to get a job?Survey dates: –What kind of discrimination did you experience? (Select all that apply.)
Gender Answer Total Male Female Unweighted N 1,862 747 1,115 Race 39%46%33%Something else (specify) 14%13%14%Ethnicity 23%21%24%Gender 39%24%52%Sexual orientation 9%8%11%Ability/disability 12%11%12%Age 36%36%35%No answer 0%0%0%Question wording: What kind of discrimination did you experience? (Select all that apply.)Survey dates: –
Question text:
If you earned 20 percent less money than you do today, how would that change your financial situation? Would it be…
If you earned 40 percent less money than you do today, how would that change your financial situation? Would it be...
If you earned 50 percent less money than you do today, how would that change your financial situation? Would it be…
Which statement do you think is true in the U.S.? For doing similar types of work…
How much more do you think white men make than Latina women? For every dollar that a white man makes, a Latina woman makes about...
Which statement comes closer to your own views — even if neither is exactly right?
Thinking about where you work now, which statement do you think is true in your company - for doing similar types of work, on average…
As you may know, on average Latina women in the U.S. make 63 cents for every dollar white men make for doing similar types of work. In your view, which of the following are major reasons for this gender wage gap? (Select all that apply.)
What do you think of the fact that Latina women are paid less than white men for similar types of work?
Which statement do you think is true in the U.S.? For doing similar types of work…
How much more do you think white women make than Latinas? For every dollar that a white woman makes, a Latina makes about...
Which statement comes closer to your own views — even if neither is exactly right?
As you may know, on average Latina women in the U.S. make 69 cents for every dollar white women make for doing similar types of work. In your view, which of the following are major reasons for this wage gap? (Select all that apply.)
What do you think of the fact that Latina women are paid less than white women for similar types of work?
Which of the following factors do you think Latina women’s careers are most negatively impacted by?
Have you ever, personally, experienced discrimination in the workplace or while trying to get a job?
What kind of discrimination did you experience? (Select all that apply.)
Thinking about where you work now, which statement do you think is true in your company - for doing similar types of work, on average…
Thinking about where you work now, do you think racism or sexism is more prevalent at your organization?
Thinking about where you work now, how much of a priority is racial diversity for your organization?
Thinking about where you work now, how much of a priority is gender diversity for your organization?
Lean In|SurveyMonkey
LeanIn.Org|SurveyMonkey
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